Never to forget - 1710 Words

The book I read was Never To Forget The Jews of the Holocaust by Milton Meltzer. The book is written by Meltzer’s true story of the. It tells the story of when over five million Jewish people were massacred. The book has no characters. From beginning to end the book takes place in Germany. It only tells the straight forward account of the Jewish Holocaust. He writes the story in an interesting view point because he is an old American Jew, watching events of the war from newspapers and radios. Writing the book in informational facts. The first chapter is entitled â€Å"History of Hatred.† It describes the horrible conditions Jews had to endure prior to the date January of 1933, Hitler comes to power. It also explains how the Jews were enslaved†¦show more content†¦He writes the story in an interesting view point because he is an old American Jew, watching events of the war from newspapers and radios. Writing the book in informational facts. The first chapter is entitled â€Å"History of Hatred.† It describes the horrible conditions Jews had to endure prior to the date January of 1933, Hitler comes to power. It also explains how the Jews were enslaved by ancient Pharos. The second chapter is entitled â€Å"Destruction of the Jews.† It tells about Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass. The book I read was Never To Forget The Jews of the Holocaust by Milton Meltzer. The book is written by Meltzer’s true story of the. It tells the story of when over five million Jewish people were massacred. The book has no characters. From beginning to end the book takes place in Germany. It only tells the straight forward account of the Jewish Holocaust. He writes the story in an interesting view point because he is an old American Jew, watching events of the war from newspapers and radios. Writing the book in informational facts. The first chapter is entitled â€Å"History of Hatred.† It describes the horrible conditions Jew s had to endure prior to the date January of 1933, Hitler comes to power. It also explains how the Jews were enslaved by ancient Pharos. The second chapter is entitled â€Å"Destruction of the Jews.† It tells about Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass. The book I read was NeverShow MoreRelatedNever to Forget791 Words   |  4 PagesNever To Forget- The meaning of the title Never To Forget is very significant to the story of the Holocaust. The title simply means to forget what we know would not be human. It is very important that we never forget the Five Million Jews that lost their homes, property, freedom, dignity, and finally, their lives. We must always remember what happened to the Jews. Every time someone thinks of saying or doing something to a fellow human being we must remember the Holocaust. We must neverRead More Never To Forget Essay793 Words   |  4 Pages Never To Forget- nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The meaning of the title â€Å"Never To Forget† is very significant to the story of the Holocaust. The title simply means to forget what we know would not be human. It is very important that we never forget the Five Million Jews that lost their homes, property, freedom, dignity, and finally, their lives. We must always remember what happened to the Jews. Every time someone thinks of saying or doing something to a fellow human being we must remember theRead MoreA Day I Will Never Forget1469 Words   |  6 PagesI’ll never forget that day. It was in February that my father told me my older sister might not be coming home. I was home alone and had been since the very end of January. My dad called me from the Children’s Hospital in Denver, Colorado. It started out with what seemed to be a normal conversation. â€Å"Hi, Dad! How’s Bridgette doing?† â€Å"She’s still goin.’ Just had another seizure. We got some news today.† â€Å"Oh, yeah? What is it?† â€Å"Well, if your sister has surgery, there’s a chance she won’t makeRead MoreThe Cotton Mill Was Extremely Hot Today1518 Words   |  7 Pageslike garbage but he could never leave. He would be stuck here in London his entire life. All he ever wanted to do was move to America and become a land owner but that would never happen. Everyday all he did was clean the cotton out of machines. His only hope in life was his friends, Thomas and Richard. Thomas, Richard, and Westley had been friends since Westley came to the mill. They had always called Westley â€Å"West† because of his desire to go to America but Westley never minded it. Every day theyRead MoreThe Day I Will Never Forget842 Words   |  4 PagesCassandra Smith October 13, 2011 English Formal 2 The Day I Will Never Forget The hardest thing I had to face in my life when I was younger was when I was thirteen. That day would be July 14, 2005 and it is the day my grandmother passed away. My family and I went through so much about seven months prior to her passing. We got through the tragedy. She was eighty-two years old at the time. I will never forget her telling me the night before that she had to go to the doctors for a check-upRead MoreA Time I Will Never Forget1069 Words   |  5 PagesA time I will never forget It was winter 2010and the weather was bad. The snow was knee deep and still falling. I was at work and sitting at the reception desk. It had been such a busy night with people checking in and people coming off the street looking for somewhere to stay. A woman came in to the reception area with her three kids. Straight away I could tell she was a gypsy traveller, the way she spoke and looked. She went on to tell me that she needed a room for the night as she wasRead MoreThe Greatest Pass Rusher Of College Football1010 Words   |  5 PagesBy: Daryan Jessie â€Å"The greatest pass rusher in college football today† said Coach Tom Osborne of the Nebraska, Cornhuskers. Have you ever heard of â€Å"the biggest ovation you never heard.† 73,650 fans all for a single deaf person named Kenny Walker. It was his last game for university and he was going on to the Denver Broncos. Kenny Walker was born in april 6th, 1967, in Crane, TX. He became deaf at the age of 2, from spinal meningitis. He was offered a football scholarship from the University ofRead MoreI Will Never Forget That Day1831 Words   |  8 PagesI will never forget that day, April 21, 2014. It was a very tough day for me. It was 8:50 am. I remembered I was all by myself with twelve children in the classroom. One of the children named Karina in my classroom started to throw tantrums. At the beginning, I endeavored to comfort her, but it was hopeless. Therefore, I decided that I left her alone. After about 10 minutes, Karina didn’t stop crying at all; instead, she screamed even louder. I felt I had the responsibility to calm her down so IRead MoreEscape From Dark Moon Island Essays1333 Words   |  6 Pagesshe said. â€Å"I did it with you by my side.† I looked at her, my eyes watering. â€Å"And you can do it without me.† She caressed my face. â€Å"Goodbye, Tobias Wilson Claflin.† I knew this was it. It was time to say goodbye. â€Å"Goodbye, Katherine. I will never forget you,† I managed to say before I fell back and into the water. As my vision started to darken, I knew that things were changing. Dark Moon Island didn’t exist. Lunaths didn’t exist. They were just representations of my childhood which were yearsRead Morea day i will never forget1434 Words   |  6 Pages SUMMARY This is the story of Mama King, an elderly woman with a strong and indomitable spirit. We meet Mama King when she is placed in Frangipani House, a rest home, by her children who live in America. Her experience at the rest home is a claustrophobic one that robs her of her freedom, and slowly leeches away at her senses. She delves into her memories in order to survive that experience, but eventually gains enough lucidity to escape. This escape leads to the family descending on the island

The Garden Party Free Essays

The Garden Party is written by Katherine Mansfield, a New Zealand prominent modernist writer of short fiction. Set in colonial New Zealand, â€Å"The Garden Party† falls into two clearly differentiated parts. For the major characters, Laura Sheridan, Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Garden Party or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sheridan, Meg Sheridan, Jose Sheridan and Laurie Sheridan are considered by because they appeared in the story quite often. And for the minor characters, they are mostly the workers and helpers in the party, except for Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott. From this short story, we have encountered some literary theories. First theory that we have analysed is cultural theory. â€Å"The Garden Party† is a story about the differences between the upper class and the lower class lives. The Sheridan family represents the upper class while the Scotts represent the lower class. Mansfield gives certain importance for many words by repeating them persistently, especially hats, lilies, flowers, all those are symbols of wealth and superiority, in connection to the Sheridans. The Sheridan’s life appears more comfortable even when Mansfield is talking about them she uses only positive images, pleasure, flowers, songs, even in the house is highly organized. While talking about the Scotts and their class, only images of dark, ugliness, sorrow, disorder, and chaos came to our minds. Psychoanalysis theory is also one of the theories that we have encountered in this short story. â€Å"The Garden Party† traces the psychological and moral growth of Laura Sheridan. The story presents her adolescent confusion regarding the social values of her family and her awakening to a more mature perception of reality after her exposure to poverty and death at the carter’s cottage. The third theory will be likely criticism theory. Most criticism of Katherine Mansfield’s short story â€Å"The Garden Party† concentrates on the story as a story of the growth and maturity of a young idealistic character. For example, see Laura’s initiation as a passage from the â€Å"dream world of her parents and social class to the real world of the Sheridan’s neighbouring working-class. This also describes the symbolic significance of the garden party, â€Å"The garden party epitomizes the dream world of the Sheridan women, a world whose underlying principle is the editing and rearranging of reality for the comfort. Throughout this short story, we have also analysed a few themes. For the overall theme and sub-themes from this story, †Å"The Garden Party†, the major theme is growth. Laura’s mother summons Laura to supervise the workmen who come to set up the marquee for the garden party, she intends to leave everything to her children as a way to make them independent. When Laura suggests placing the marquee on the lily lawn, a workman rejects the idea, saying that she should the marquee â€Å"where it’ll give you a bang slap in the eye. † Laura then wonders whether it is respectful of a laborer to speak to a girl of her upbringing in the crude language of the common people. However, Laura ends up approving of the men even though they are the ones who choose the location for the marquee–against the karaka trees. Thus, though failing to supervise the men with authority, Laura learns to overlook class distinctions in dealing with the outside world. The another theme will be the contrast between life and death. The Sheridan’s garden is a place of thoughtless pleasure and burgeoning energy, where young people resemble brilliant butterflies and arum lilies bloom with an almost frightening vitality. In contrast, the home of the dead carter is dark and oppressive, guarded by an aged crone and surrounded by a shadowy crowd. Mansfield deliberately exaggerates the difference between these two locations in order to emphasize her theme. That life and death are part of the same continuum is suggested by the temporal structure of the story, which begins at dawn and ends in a gathering dusk. As many critics have noted, Laura’s journey to visit the bereaved family has strong mythic overtones and resembles the tale of Proserpina, a goddess who was abducted by Hades into the underworld. Laura’s moment of epiphany testifies to a kind of knowledge unavailable in the sunny world of the garden party. In this way, her journey also has the quality of an initiation rite, in which a naive young girl achieves emotional and moral maturity. Last but not least, we realized that this short story is focused on third person point of view. It is because the narrator withholds information in favor of limiting what she says to what Laura thinks and experiences. Besides, she generally does not understand the incident of what she undergoes that day, at least not until the very end, when she says â€Å"isn’t life, isn’t life? † only for her brother to interrupt her, misinterpret her, and silence the knowledge about death she had just obtained from visiting the cottage of the man who had died. How to cite The Garden Party, Essay examples

Blindness in Carver’s “Cathedral” free essay sample

Abstract Raymond Carver, being a famous American short story writer in the 20th century, was often labeled as a minimalist writer. However, his â€Å"Cathedral† was nothing like his previous stories. With no extraneous words, Carver expressed his unique worldview and vision in â€Å"Cathedral†. This essay will examine the text from four different perspectives: sight and insight, names and downplay of individuality, dialogues between characters, and the growth of narrator, which are all related to the theme â€Å"blindness† and all contribute to the fulfillment of the work’s artistic and literary value. Keywords Raymond Carver â€Å"Cathedral† Sight and Insight Downplay of Individuality Dialogue Growth of Narrator â€Å"Which stories are your favorites? † When the French literary journalist Claude Grimal interviewed Raymond Carver in the spring of 1987, Carver responded to this question with the answer â€Å"Cathedral†. Raymond Carver was a debatable American short story writer in the Reagan era. He was often labeled as a minimalist writer by his contemporary critics, which he rejected in several interviews. Yet, â€Å"Cathedral† was nothing like the â€Å"minimalist† stories Carver wrote before. According to Lehman, â€Å"‘Cathedral’ is a vastly different story from any that are collected in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, but not because its theory of significant facts has changed. The distinction is that characterization and plots are expanded, while Carver, on occasion, allows himself an optimistic vision that seemed impossible for him to express earlier. † Even Carver admitted that himself in his interview with the French literary journalist Claude Grimal: â€Å"The story ‘Cathedral’ seemed to me completely different from everything Id written before. † The idea of the story was inspired by a blind friend of Carver’s wife Tess Gallagher. Just like in the story, the blind friend of Carver’s wife came to visit them after his wife’s death. And this real blind friend of Gallagher Jerry Carriveau was the prototype of the blind man Robert in â€Å"Cathedral†. Carver’s stories often start with something real and he revealed this in the 1983 interview for The Paris Review: â€Å"But there’s always something, some element, something said to me or that I witnessed, that may be the starting place† (Carver Country, 51). It was often commented that Carver’s earlier stories were written for the blue-collar. However, we can hardly find any such traces in the story â€Å"Cathedral†. It mainly focuses on the narrator’s change and growth (Interview with Claude Grimal), through the inspiration from the blind man. Thus, â€Å"blindness† is especially important in this story. In the short story â€Å"Cathedral†, the word â€Å"blind† has appeared 80 times. â€Å"Blindness† is the key theme which causes the narrator’s change and growth. In the following passage, I will examine the text from four different perspectives: sight and insight, name and downplay of individuality, dialogues between characters, and the growth of narrator, which are all derived from the key theme â€Å"blindness†. 1. Sight and Insight Blindness serves as an important feature of the wife’s old friend Robert and also the theme of the story. However what Carver wanted to show was not only physical blindness, he wanted to show the difference between sight and insight. The author gave effort to stress the feature of Robert repetitively so as to express the narrator’s discomfort and discrimination against blindness. In the first paragraph, the narrator expressed his stereotypical view towards â€Å"blindness†: â€Å"My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed† (Fiction 100, 123). In the following plot, every activity the narrator did with Robert was a new experience because Robert was physically blind and it was the narrator’s first contact with a blind man. From chatting, smoking, drinking, eating to watching television, Carver had deliberately chosen these activities to show Robert’s â€Å"blindness† and described in detail Robert’s reactions and the narrator’s responses. When the three of us were having dinner, the narrator particularly paid attention to Robert’s action: â€Å"The blind man had right away located his foods, he knew just where everything was on his plate. † Yet the narrator had no idea that being able to look is different from being able to see. The narrator had sight but he lacked insight. He could not understand his wife and he knew little about his wife’s past. When Robert and the narrator’s wife were chatting about the past ten years, the narrator could not cut in and talked as well. He could simply sit aside and pretended that he was not interested. He did not take time to understand his wife and his miscommunication with his wife will be further discussed in the third section of the thesis. On the contrary, Robert was understanding and insightful. He supported the narrator’s wife when she most needed comfort and security. Robert took the initiative, asking the narrator’s wife to send him tapes telling him about her life. He took the effort and time to listen and responded by sending back another tape to her. It continued for ten years. The audiotapes between Robert and the narrator’s wife served as an effective communication channel. They had kept their friendship for all those years while being physically so far away. However the narrator did not pay attention to his wife’s personal life. When he was hearing the audiotape with his wife, a knock on the door interrupted and he never got back to hear the tape, totally ignoring Robert’s possibly influencing comments on himself. When Robert finally visited the narrator in person, they could eventually have a genuine dialogue when his wife was asleep. As Robert could not watch the television with his own eyes, the narrator gave some verbal accounts of what the television was showing. The narrator’s inability to describe the cathedral with his words to Robert shows the failure of language. Trussler analyzed Carver’s another story â€Å"Why Don’t You Dance? † with the conclusion that it is â€Å"a contemporary fable that underscores the difficulty of producing meaning through narration†. In this case, the narrator had difficulty in producing meaning from his description of cathedrals. It also shows the narrator’s inability to â€Å"see† things. He did not have insight for anything and that was why he could not describe the cathedral. He knew nothing about religion and so he could not give accounts about the religious architecture. He could only utter certain adjectives to describe the architecture: â€Å"tall†, â€Å"big†, â€Å"massive†. He even repeated the phrase â€Å"In those olden days† twice in his second attempt to describe the cathedral, implying that he could not find words to express what he wanted to say. It was the blind man who eventually helped the narrator to discover a new realm of knowing the things he took for granted. He asked the narrator to draw a cathedral on a heavy paper. The roles of the narrator and Robert had switched at that moment. Normally, it should be the one who could see to tell what a cathedral was like. However in this case, it was the blind man who guided the narrator on how to feel the world. â€Å"His fingers rode my fingers as my hand went over the paper† (Fiction 100, 132). The blind man had shared his worldview with the narrator by working with the narrator to complete the drawing of a cathedral. In the last scene, when Robert told the narrator to open his eyes and take a look at the drawing, the narrator still closed his eyes. He was enjoying his epiphanic moment in recognizing the world with a different feeling: â€Å"It’s really something† (Fiction 100, 133). 2. Names and Downplay of Individuality Blindness is not the only theme of the story, the seldom use of names in â€Å"Cathedral† is worth noted as well. There are three main characters in the story. Yet until the end of the story, we readers only know that the blind man’s name was Robert. We do not know the names of the narrator and his wife. Strange enough, we know from the interlude the name of Robert’s dead wife: Beulah. Though the narrator had known Robert’s name all along, he did not call him by his name, but by his disability: â€Å"the blind man†. We seldom saw the narrator addressing Robert by his name in the story. It was always his wife who called Robert by his name in the dialogues. The dismissal of using a name for the major characters in the story signifies Carver’s intention to downplay the individuality of the characters, further focusing on the physical feature of the characters: the blindness of Robert, the femininity of the narrator’s wife. It also shows the narrator’s superficial attitude towards people. Carver adopted the first-person point of view and enhanced the realistic feeling of reading the story. Readers can directly get in touch with the superficial and judgmental character of the narrator from his frank narration. The narrator’s wife was never mentioned by her own name. The narrator simply called her â€Å"my wife†. Before she became the narrator’s wife, she was another person’s wife: â€Å"an Air Force officer’s wife† (Fiction 100, 124). She was not given her own individuality but only the identity as someone’s wife: â€Å"She told him that she was writing a poem about what it was like to be an Air Force officer’s wife† (Fiction 100, 124). Even his wife’s ex-husband did not have a name: â€Å"Her officer—why should he have a name? he was the childhood sweetheart, and what more does he want? † (Fiction 100, 124) The narrator just called his wife’s ex-husband â€Å"my wife’s officer†. It can be interpreted that the narrator was self-centered and self-absorbed, caring only those relating to himself. The narrator did not respect others, therefore he did not address people by their names, but only by their most distinguished features. In Robert’s case, it was â€Å"blindness†. Robert’s name was only mentioned four times in the story by the narrator, except in dialogues and through his wife’s mouth. The name â€Å"Robert† was first mentioned in the third-to-last sentence of the sixteenth paragraph, before the narrator’s wife officially introduced Robert to him face to face. We can deduce that the narrator had known Robert’s name all along, even before Robert had arrived at their house. However, the narrator chose to address Robert as â€Å"the blind man† throughout the whole story. It can be considered an attempt of stressing the theme â€Å"blindness† and Carver’s effort to underplay Robert’s individuality. Robert’s dead wife also had a name: Beulah. But it was only mentioned because the name could show that the woman was a colored woman. â€Å"Beulah! That’s a name for a colored woman† (Fiction 100, 124). The narrator immediately exclaimed after he knew the name of Robert’s wife. He even took the step to ask his wife if Beulah was â€Å"a Negro†. Thus, it can be inferred that Carver meant to reveal the narrator’s judgmental nature through mentioning the name â€Å"Beulah†. The name was used for the purpose of exclusion. The name of the narrator is unknown. His wife did not address him by his name in any dialogue she had with her husband. Even when she introduced the narrator to Robert, she did not give her husband’s name, but only said â€Å"this is my husband† (Fiction 100, 125). I regard this writing technique as Carver’s effort of downplaying the characters’ identity and individuality. The narrator does not only represent himself but also the group of people who are judgmental and discriminative. The narrator’s wife represents another group of people who are kind and open-minded, willing to accept people with disabilities. Although Robert and Beulah were addressed by their names in the story, Beulah was a minor character and Robert’s name was not always mentioned. The narrator addressed Robert as â€Å"the blind man† more often, suggesting physical deficiency than personality. 3. Dialogues between Characters Although the physical deficiency of Robert is much emphasized in the story, the personality of Robert can be brought out in dialogues. Dialogues are essential in Carver’s stories. As he stated in the 1987 interview with Claude Grimal, he considered dialogues important: â€Å"It ought to advance the plot or illuminate character. † In â€Å"Cathedral†, dialogues have more significance in his other stories. Since Robert was blind, his communication with either the narrator or his wife could only through conversations. Consequently, dialogues are of great impact on the story’s development. The dialogues in â€Å"Cathedral† can be divided into three categories: between the narrator and his wife; between the narrator, his wife and Robert; and between the narrator and Robert. We can notice that the narrator had some miscommunication with his wife. Since Robert was his wife’s friend and he himself was a discriminative person, he could not possibly speak out how he felt disturbed by a visit from a blind man. Therefore the narrator began his dialogue with his wife with â€Å"Maybe I could take him bowling† (Fiction 100, 124), which was not even a reasonable suggestion for a blind man. The narrator was trying to act nice and was testing how his wife would respond. His wife could feel his unwillingness and responded by extending the topic to his love toward her, further convincing her husband that it was just ordinary to treat a friend. If he especially took it out to discuss, it would be unnecessary. Then the narrator rebutted that he did not have any blind friends. He implied that he was just consulting if it was a good idea to take the blind man to bowling. When the narrator asked if Robert’s wife was â€Å"a Negro†, his wife could no longer stand his judgmental comment and could only replied â€Å"Are you crazy? Are you drunk? †, indicating a communication gap here. The wife did not realize that her husband was narrow-minded. She expected that her husband would welcome Robert as his friend as well. The narrator was still mindful of his wife’s ambiguous relationship with Robert in the past ten years. He did not just feel uncomfortable about Robert’s being blind, but also Robert’s close relationship with his wife. When Robert and the narrator first encountered, Robert felt at ease and tried to make a connection with the narrator. It was the narrator who wanted to distance himself. He said â€Å"Welcome† to Robert, assuring that he was the owner of the house and that he was the host of Robert. During the narrator’s presence, his wife maintained a close relationship with Robert as well. Robert called the narrator’s wife â€Å"my dear† and â€Å"they talked about the major things that had come to pass for them in the past ten years† (Fiction 100, 127). The narrator started to feel better about Robert after dinner, awed by Robert’s ability to manage his life so well even though he was blind. He tried to address Robert by his name thrice in the paragraph. However, he felt left out since the two of them exchanged their previous experience and the narrator felt like the only outsider. Only when the narrator’s wife was asleep could the two men have a chance to talk to each other. One thing worth taking note of is the way Robert addressed the narrator, calling him â€Å"bub†. According to Cambridge Dictionaries Online, â€Å"bub† is a form of address used to a man, sometimes in a slightly angry way. Within the context, there is no reason for Robert to be angry with the narrator. It can be regarded as an intimate address to the narrator, or a spark of contempt, implying that he was older and more experienced than the narrator. We can tell that the narrator did not like it. He exclaimed â€Å"Bub! † when he first heard Robert calling him that. After the narrator failed to describe the cathedral to Robert, his legs â€Å"felt like they didn’t have any strength in them† (Fiction 100, 131). Feeling powerless in front of a blind man, the narrator lost all confidence. It was Robert who encouraged the narrator: â€Å"Terrific. You’re doing fine† (Fiction 100, 132). The dialogues between the three major characters reveal their relationship and their change of relationship. At first, the narrator was irritated by Robert’s visit. He did not welcome Robert as he said. Then after much contact with Robert, the narrator started to change his views toward blind people because his stereotypes did not match with Robert. Yet he did not want to admit that he was wrong in judging people. After his spiritual communication with Robert, he actually changed and was able to view the world with a different perspective. 4. Growth of Narrator The growth of the narrator in â€Å"Cathedral† is something new in Carver’s stories. â€Å"Id never written a story like that. † Carver explained in his interview with Claude Grimal when he admitted that the narrator changed and grew in the story. Only with the appearance of the blind man Robert, the narrator could realize that he lacked in-depth thinking and he could not even do the job of describing a cathedral to a blind man. Robert, though being physically blind, rescued the narrator by opening his eyes to the new dimension of life, understanding the nature of things more in depth. In the beginning of the story, the narrator was a typical white man, feeling superior to colored people, judgmental towards the disabled ones. He tried not to show it explicitly in his narration but he admitted that he was not happy about Robert’s visit: â€Å"I wasn’t enthusiastic about his visit†¦. And his being blind bothered me†¦. A blind man in my house was not something I looked forward to† (Fiction 100, 123). He was jealous of the ambiguous relationship between Robert and his wife too, especially when he knew that Robert â€Å"touched his fingers to every part of her face, her nose—even her neck† (Fiction 100, 123). He was bothered by the fact that his wife treated Robert’s touching as â€Å"something really important had happened to her† (Fiction 100, 123). As a result, the narrator had a repulsive feeling towards Robert. He treated Robert as a stranger, â€Å"this blind man I didn’t even know! † (Fiction 100, 124) Those stereotypes he had for blind people were not realistic because he hadn’t met a blind man before. â€Å"A beard on a blind man! Too much, I say. † (Fiction 100, 125) He was pretentious, acting as a person whom he was not in front of Robert. Before they had their dinner, he led the prayer. His wife was most surprised and â€Å"her mouth agape†. We can tell that the narrator and his wife had no such habit as praying before meals. The prayer was not a prayer at all. No addresses of gods or requests for blessings in the prayer. The prayer was secular: â€Å"Pray the phone won’t ring and food doesn’t get cold† (Fiction 100, 127). The way the narrator talked about the marriage between Beulah and Robert was not without traces of contempt and disdain. When he spoke of the wedding of Beulah and Robert, he interrupted with a question: â€Å"who’d want to go to such a wedding in the first place? Inferring his scorn for the couple. Being more scornful, he even repeated his wife’s word â€Å"inseparable† in italics. He even made fun of Robert’s disability to picture the scene of Beulah’s death for entertainment, imagining Robert’s blind eyes with tears running and Beulah regretting that Robert had never seen her face dying. However, the narrator gradually discovered that Robert was beyond his expectations. Robert acted as if he could see and could take care of himself very well. He began to respect Robert and invited him to smoke marijuana with him. The relationship between the two men began to get closer and friendlier. In the last part, the narrator even cared for Robert’s needs and asked if he knew what a cathedral looked like. He tried hard to describe a cathedral to Robert not only because of his pride of being able to see, but also because of his supposed superiority over blind people, the so-called â€Å"responsibility† to take care of the needy and weak. Yet it turned out that the narrator was the one who needed help. Although Robert was physically handicapped, he was spiritually satisfied. For the narrator, he was physically well conditioned but he lacked spiritual fulfillment. Like what he answered Robert, he was not religious and he did not believe in anything. But when he followed Robert’s guidance to draw out a cathedral, and closed his eyes to feel, he reached a transcendental moment: â€Å"It’s really something† (Fiction 100, 133). What the â€Å"something† is we do not know exactly, but it is no doubt that the narrator had changed his views and probably opened up his mind with the help of a blind man. â€Å"In Carver there is a prevailing absence, a silence, an empty space between the lines that his texts invite us to fill†(Reading Raymond Carver, 1). Carver did not overtly tell us anything in the story â€Å"Cathedral†. We can interpret it in many ways. For me, Carver had created his â€Å"Carverian world† in â€Å"Cathedral†, or in Gallagher’s words â€Å"Carver Country†. People are divided into two groups: prejudiced versus non-prejudiced; disabled versus good and healthy, whether physically or spiritually. However, no matter which group you belong to, there is always something to learn from the other group. â€Å"Cathedral† is a short story but it is embedded with important themes. Blindness advances the plot and brings out the ultimate epiphany scene of the narrator, enlightening both the character and the readers. The downplaying of individuality by the rare use of names is also worth discussed. Carver introduced a personal account of story and it is universally applicable. Dialogues serve as the indicator of the relationship between the characters and witness the change of relationship, especially between Robert and the narrator. Through the verbal interactions, we are able to know more about the feelings and attitudes of the characters. The growth of the narrator is what Carver wanted to show in this particular story. In his earlier stories, Carver seldom introduced such an idea. Different from his previous writing habit, that is secluding himself in his room, he drafted â€Å"Cathedral† on a train paralleling the Hudson River, the very train that Jerry Carriveau, the prototype of Robert had taken from New York City for their reunion (Carver Country, 15). This newly added idea sheds some optimistic light on the work itself. In 1982 a question-and-answer session at the University of Akron, Carver said, â€Å"This is a farfetched analogy, but it’s in a way like building a fantastic cathedral. The main thing is to get the work of art together. You don’t know who built those cathedrals, but they’re there† (Reading Raymond Carver, 185). â€Å"Cathedral† is not only a great piece of literary work with simple language, but also a work of art with profound themes and a new vision. Works Cited

Social Pressure and Change

XYZ Company manufactures agricultural chemicals. A year ago, the company experienced significant scandals including charges of stock fraud, harassment lawsuit against several executives and dumping waste into a neighboring wildlife preserve.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Pressure and Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Why might such Pressure Cause XYZ to Change? The external pressure facing XYZ might make the company to embrace change because the firm has to adhere to societal expectations in regard to environmental responsibility and general community involvement. Recently, information and modern technology have contributed extensively to the growth of social pressure, since information regarding firms that do not conform to social standards spread quickly. Also, external members expect that companies conduct business fairly, maintain favorable working conditions for employees and carry out activit ies that do not harm the environment. Failure to do so may spur demonstrations by community members or warnings by environmental pressure groups, in order to force the company to conduct activities that preserve the environment. Also, XYZ Company may face prosecution in a criminal court, due to stock fraud. Besides, failing to adhere to societal expectation will, ultimately, create an unhealthy reputation for the company, which might make customers obtain products from other firms that have similar products. How does this affect the Organizational Ethics of Work at XYZ? Outside pressure, regarding the above mentioned issues, will affect organizational ethics of work at XYZ. First, management practices must be adjusted to suit the needs of employers. As mentioned, in the introduction, a number of executives have filed harassment lawsuits against the company. This implies that organizational ethics have to be adjusted, in order to enhance worker satisfaction and productivity in the co mpany. Besides, XYZ needs to impact outside members positively, through stopping to dump waste products into the nearby wildlife preserve. This will create a positive public image, which is likely to attract new customers. Lastly, the company has to stop stock fraud, because the public may put pressure on legislators to impose existing regulations regarding stock frauds. The company should ensure that both internal and external auditors receive the right information regarding sales and stocks of the company. What Change might XYZ Incorporate? XYZ needs to establish an ethical workplace through creating, and constantly, improving the code of ethics. This will encourage ethical practices, in the firm, in order to ensure moral conduct and make potential customers and employees consider the company as ethical.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The managers, at XYZ, can also create a department entrusted with overseeing ethical practices in the organization. Such a department would denote to all external members that the company has committed to upholding ethical practices. Another change that XYZ may incorporate involves training the entire workforce on new ethical practices that the company desires. Such training programs do not highlight all the practice that must be observed. Rather, the training enables managers to have a framework that they can use to judge whether some actions are ethical or not. Besides, the company should incorporate social goals into the yearly planning processes. Such an approach of meeting social requirements indicates that a company is socially responsible. Lastly, managers at XYZ should be accountable for creating and upholding conditions whereby people are apt to act ethically and reduce situations that promote unethical behavior. Managers, through taking charge of these aspects, can reduce the urge to perform unethical acts, a s well as, promote social responsibility at XYZ. In conclusion, social pressure affects how a company functions. Failure to adhere to such pressure may ruin the reputation of a business, or make a business cease to attract new customers. This essay on Social Pressure and Change was written and submitted by user The Stranger to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Tale Of Two Theories Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays

A Tale Of Two Theories Essays - Characters In Macbeth, Free Essays A Tale Of Two Theories A Tale of Two Theories Macbeth(c.1607), written by William Shakespeare, is the tragic tale of Macbeth, a virtuous man, corrupted by power and greed. This tagedy could in fact be called A Tale of Two Theories. One theory suggests that the tragic hero, Macbeth, is led down an unescapable road of doom by an outside force, namely fate in the form of the three witches. The second suggests that there is no supernatural force working against Macbeth, which therefore makes him responsible for his own actions and inevitable downfall. It must be remembered that Macbethis a literary work of art, and as a peice of art is open to many different interpretations, none of them right and none of them wrong. But the text of the play seems to imply that Macbeth is indeed responsible for his own actions which are provoked by an unwillingness to listen to his own conscience, the witches, and his ambition. First, Macbeth ignores the voice of his own psyche. He knows what he is doing is wrong even before he murders Duncan, but he allows Lady Macbeth and greed to cloud his judgement. In referring to the idea of the murder of Duncan, Macbeth first states,We will proceed no further in this business(I.vii.32). Yet, after speaking with Lady Macbeth he recants and proclaims,I am settled, and bend up/Each corporal agent to this terrible feat(I.vii.79-80). There is nothing supernatural to be found in a man being swayed by the woman he loves, as a matter of fact this action could be perceived as quite the opposite. Second, the witches have to be dispelled as a source of Macbeth's misfortune before the latter theory can be considered. It is admittedly strange that the weird sisters first address Macbeth with,All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee Thane of Cawdor!(I.iii.49), a title which not even Macbeth is aware he has been awarded. Even stranger is the third witch calling to Macbeth,All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!(I.iii.50). However as stated by Bradley,No connection of these announcements with any actions of his was even hinted by [the withches](232). Some are still not convinced though of the witches less than supernatural role; nevertheless, Macbeth appears throughout the play to be completely aware 3 of his actions, as opposed to being contolled by some mystic force. The effect of the witches on the action of the play is best summarized by these words: ...while the influences of the Witches' prophecies on Macbeth is very great, it is quite clearly shown to be an influnce and nothing more.(Bradley 232) Most important to the theory that Macbeth is reponsible for his own actions would be a point that the infamous witches and Macbeth agree upon. Such an element exists in the form of Macbeth's ambiton. In the soliloquy Macbeth gives before he murders Duncan, he states, ...I have no spur/To prick the sides of intent, but only/Vaulting ambition,...(I.vii.25-27). Are these the words of a man who is merely being led down a self dustructive path of doom, with no will of his own? Or are they the words of a man who realizes not only the graveness of his actions, but, also the reasons behind them? The answer is clear, Macbeth is a totally cognizant principal and not a mindless puppet. Later the head witch, Hecate, declares,Hath been but for a wayward son,/Spiteful and wrathful, who, as others do,/Loves for his own ends, not for you. (III.v.11-13), which again highlights Macbeth's ambitious nature. The most significant part of the play is the part that is missing, and that is a connection betwe en Macbeth's ambition and some spell cast by the weird sisters which might be said to magically cause an increase in his desires. While purposely played in a mysterious setting, the location is not meant to cloud the true theme of the play with the supernatural. Macbeth simply succumbs to natural urges which take him to a fate of his own making. Everyone has character flaws that he must live with; Macbeth simply allowed those flaws to destroy him. 3 Bibliography Bradley, A.C. The Witch Scenes in Macbeth. England in Literature. Ed. John Pfordesher, Gladys V. Veidemanis, and Helen McDonnell. Illinois: Scott, Foresman, 1989. 232-233 Shekespeare, William. Macbeth. England in Literature. Ed. John Pfordesher,

Cent, Scent, and Sent - Commonly Confused Words

Cent, Scent, and Sent - Commonly Confused Words The words cent, scent, and sent  are  homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. The noun cent refers to a coin equal to the hundredth part of a dollar: a penny. As both a noun and a verb, scent refers to an odor or the sense of smell. Sent is the past and past-participle form of the verb to send. Examples Texas oil was hardly worth a cent a barrel until Standard Oil discovered a way to refine it.​No man can taste the fruits of autumn while he is delighting his scent with the flowers of spring. (Samuel Johnson)​After two weeks in the hospital, the patient was sent home. Practice Exercises (a) I _____ my aunt a thank-you note and some flowers.(b) I paid my daughter one _____ for each dandelion she pulled out of the lawn.(c) The _____ of roses filled the cool morning air. Answers to Practice Exercises Answers to Practice Exercises:  Cent, Scent, and Sent (a) I  sent  my aunt a thank-you note and some flowers.(b) I paid my daughter one  cent  for each dandelion she pulled out of the lawn.(c) The  scent  of roses filled the cool morning air. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

Internet Technology, Marketing, and Security Essay - 2

Internet Technology, Marketing, and Security - Essay Example In today's era internet is used as a promotional tool by many global and international organizations. Organizations make use of internet to capture market in today's competitive environment. The Internet is useful for attracting customers by providing them a great variety of services and relevant information about the products or services. There are specific digital internet sources mostly used for the purpose including official websites, social networking sites, blogs, etc (Silverstein, 2001). Marketing, customer dealing, promotion, and other operational management procedures have become much easier within past few years due to remarkable advent and advancements of internet technology. With the advancements of internet, communication modes have become very fast, diverse, and smart (Silverstein, 2001). The World Wide Web has brought tremendous change in the way businesses are run in multinational corporations. For successful business progress, advertising and marketing are two most important tools and with the revolutionized modern technology internet has become exceedingly popular among businesses of all sizes. Mainly because internet has pull out all businesses from tissue-thin, pages of directory for contact details and advices from friends and family members for establishing businesses (Silverstein, 2001). Now business professionals have an opportunity to learn business and marketing techniques from e-sources.

Obtaining services within community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Obtaining services within community - Essay Example ing the notable move from the medical based models for care to the social models, which incorporate an interdisciplinary approach to identification, support and delivery of support services and recourses within the community (Sheppard & Unsworth, 2011). However, despite these milestones in the care services and resources in the community, considerable barriers to the entire integration and establishment of maximum independence for the developmental disability care. Nonetheless, within the community setting, several structures, resources and services are evident for supporting the development of the disability cases. The Washington state facilitates a vast composition of resources to assist the parents and families of children and youth among other individuals with developmental disabilities (Sheppard & Unsworth, 2011). The course entails focusing on the successful support for the individuals with developmental disabilities to achieve independence in their lives. The vast composition of developmental disability cases in the community demands a comprehensive establishment of support services and resources that enable the care within the community. There are vast services and resources for support across the Washington State, allowing for the families and individuals to make a choice of the intermediary support best fitting for the needs. For instance, there is the Division of Disability and Aging Services, whose partnership with the developmental disabilities support systems is significant component (Moore, Washington, Ningning, Johnson, Davis, Eugene-Cross & Quinn, 2015). The Division facilitate s funding which is a key resource for developing the systems and, training, quality assurance and technical assistance entailed in the disability care programs. Additionally, the Division is also key in its conceptual support through providing guardianship services to the individuals with developmental disabilities and who the court determines that they need the guardianship

Integration of the Grading System Essay Example for Free

Integration of the Grading System Essay I. Introduction Informatics Education Group, founded in 1983, has more than 600 colleges in 52 countries. It is a corporation dedicated to provide quality education to its students. It offers courses in higher education for corporate productivity and Business solutions. Informatics’ commitment to giving quality education encompasses all aspects from course design to student assessment or examination and staff training. This commitment to excel beyond customers’ expectations by providing quality services to its students has pushed the proponents to create a system that will help the school administration and faculty to produce accurate class cards and transcript of records for its students. With the increasing number of students in Informatics college manila also increases the workload of the school administration specifically the registrar’s department and faculty members. In order to provide a better service to the students, the proponents are motivated to create a system that will assist the school administration and faculty to minimize the time spent on managing, submitting and producing the grades of each student. Also, the purpose of the proponents in creating a grading system is to lessen the queue during enrolment with the help of a system that will assist the Informatics College Manila in releasing of the students’ grades. II. Background of the Study This study, which is fundamentally aimed at assisting the Registrar Department of Informatics College Manila, attempts to create a grading system with transcript database system that is integrated in the Informatics College Manila Enrolment System, providing an efficient way of serving the students during enrollment and releasing the grades. The proposed system shall lessen the laborious manual process in student grade assessment, releasing of transcript of records of graduate students and releasing of student class cards. Getting their official transcript of records would then be easy since the database of the grading system will be shared with the database of the transcript database system. The Registrar Department is the only department within the school is in charge of creating, accessing, and processing the releasing of grades and transcript of records. This department headed by the Registrar, who is in charge of supervising the processes. After of enrolling, the student can get there from the registrar. The processes for the grading system are as follows: (1) In the existing grading system, the lecturers will input all the grades of the students using Microsoft Excel, (2) The lecturers will submit the grades of all the students for that term, (3) The registrar will encode the submitted grades in the database for ease of access such as printing if the student wants to have a copy of their grades. Now when getting the transcript of records, the students must fill out the request form. Afterwards, the registrar will summarize the grades of the student who requested for a copy of the transcript of records. III. Statement of the Problem The Proponents would like to enhance the current enrollment system of Informatics College Manila. The proponents intend to include a grading system that would improve the current enrollment system. A. General Problem The Problem that the proponents of this study would like to address is to enhance the current Enrollment System of Informatics College Manila by including a grading system to have a better service to the Informatics College Manila students. B. Specific Problem The proponents have determined the following areas: 1. The workload of the registrar and lecturers are increasing resulting to deficiency in the students grades. 2. Preparing students’ academic records can be time consuming. 3. Retrieving old records of students who stopped for a long time can be difficult. 4. Releasing of grades during enrolment leads to a long queue. IV. Objective of the Study The proponents of this research have identified the following objective as checklist in the enhancement of Enrollment System by adding a grading system. * To have a grading system so that the students can rely on having an accurate grade and speed up the manual process of releasing the grades. * To build a monitoring system that can keep track of the submission of grades of each lecturer. * To improve the delivery of services especially the issuance of academic records like the transcript of records for those students who are requesting. * To develop an efficient and effective record-keeping and retrieval system of the student records. * To maintain and preserve the academic records of the students of the school. VI. Significance of the Study The Integrated Enrolment System and Student Grading with Transcript Database System will provide Informatics College Manila with a more accurate and timely way of giving out class cards and transcript of records of the students. The results of this study may prove beneficial and useful to the following individuals: REGISTRAR– the system will help him/her release the class cards and transcript of records with ease. This will also help him/her provide a better service to the students by lessening the queue during enrolment. ACADEMIC HEAD – this will assist him/her in compiling the students’ grades. LECTURERS – this project/system will help lecturers focus more on their lesson plan. This will also help them to submit the students’ grades on time. STUDENTS – this system will provide ease in getting their grades. The students will also be assured that their grades are accurate and are properly documented on the database. INFORMATICS COLLEGE MANILA – the system will provide the whole institution with a systematic way of handing out grades and transcript of records. FUTURE FIELD RESEARCHERS – the system may be helpful and useful in providing contribution to future researches. V. Scope and Limitation of the Study In this study, the proponents gathered information regarding the proposed system, which is a Grading System, if it is viable asset to the Administrators, Managers, Professors, and Students of Informatics College Manila in terms of its existing methodology and how it is organized. The study also aims to record all the grades of the students of informatics College Manila into a database. This will provide efficient access of grades for the registrar and an organized, accurate and timely submission of grades of the lecturers. The proposed system will serve as an enhancement of the current enrolment system of Informatics College Manila so that most of the students’ records will be consolidated into one database, keeping it organized and easy to manage. First, the super administrator or database administrator account, which will contain the features of: * Creating of new accounts

Monaco Building of the Paris 1889 Exposition Essay examples -- Archite

The Monaco Building of the Paris 1889 Exposition The Exposition Universelle de 1889 in Paris was meant to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution. It boasted new architectural styles, as well as the more generous use of electricity in the pavilions. In the earliest world's fairs, all the displays were housed collectively under one roof. This eventually changed to a different type of organization, where exhibits were separated into categories based on their content, as was already the case at the 1873 Vienna exhibition. At the 1876, 1878 and 1889 fairs, countries presented their own individual pavilions. While at first the international community seemed a bit hesitant to participate in a fair meant to celebrate a Revolution, many countries decided to participate and erect a special pavilion. Countries such as Japan, Siam, Persia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, as well as many Latin American nations presented national exhibits. When the 1889 Paris Exhibition is first mentioned, most people immediately think of the construction o f the famed Eiffel Tower. This striking monument, enhanced with nighttime lights, brought the admiration of many and earned itself a place as a permanent fixture and international symbol for Paris. The fair was known for its impressively modern constructions of iron and glass, such as Machinery Hall. The pavilion for the Principality of Monaco can be noted at this fair, not for its grand scale or modern appeal, but for its delicate return to a classic style which turned attention to a small, yet sophisticated nation. Its proximity to the Eiffel tower symbolized the ongoing relationship between France and Monaco. There were several reasons why Monaco received such attention at the fair, with its p... ...ch 1890, Volume 39, Issue 2 Making of America Collection, Cornell University Library http://www.boondocksnet.com/expos/paris1889.html "Impressions of the International Exhibition of 1889" The Century, December 1889 Making of America Collection, Cornell University Library http://www.boondocksnet.com/expos/paris1889.html "Paris Panorama of the Nineteenth Century" The Century, December 1889, Volume 39, Issue 2 Making of America Collection, Cornell University Library http://www.boondocksnet.com/expos/paris1889.html "Monaco" by Gale Force of Monaco http://monaco.mc/monaco/index.html "General Informations" by Monte-Carlo Multimedia, 2000 http://www.monte-carlo.mc/principalitymonaco/globalinformations/ Masson, Georgina. Italian Villas and Palaces. New York. Abrams.1966 Ree Paul van der. Italian Villas and Gardens: a corso di disegno. Amsterdam. Prestel.1992

Detroit Riots

DetroitApril Woodson 4 February 2013 Newspaper analysis Tara Saunders Race riot in Detroit (June 20, 1943) The Detroit Riots, an article from The Chicago daily tribune was published three days after the riots. It talks more about the aftermath of the riots, after troops were ordered in and how it portrays the United States to the international community. The tone the article takes on is almost shameful and gives the vibe that not only should Detroit be embarrassed by the United States as a whole because the riots did spark racial tension in other cities like Los Angelas as well.Though the article is short the intensions of the message are very clear as it reads, â€Å"†¦the race riots which had brought deep disgrace upon that community came to an abrupt end†¦an important lesson to be drawn by the American people from this ugly incident†¦relations between the races in America have improved but we still have far to go before the problem can be regarded as solved. The ad vocates of super governments are asking us to believe that what we have not yet succeeded in accomplishing in America can be achieved with the stroke of a pen on an international treaty† (pg 1).Though the article is on the front page of this particular tribune issue, the location of the article in the newspaper gives one the impression that the riots are now a thing of the past. We know this because the article was published three days after the event and its proceeded by an article about control of rabies. The second article titled â€Å"F. D. R. for Troops in Detroit† which was also published by the Chicago tribune was written two days after the riots and it seems as though its attacking Roosevelt’s decisions to call upon the militia to help stop the riots or explain the reasoning being doing so.He does give the crowd a chance to disperse before he sends out the troops, â€Å"Now, therefore, I, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, do hereby c ommand all persons engaged in said unlawful and insurrectionary proceedings to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes immediately and here after abandon said combinations and submit themselves to the laws and constituted authorities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg 2). I think this is important to note because a lot of people think it was just an attack on innocent people.This article also seems like it was published at the height of the riots when everything was in complete and utter chaos. The author of this article isn’t necessarily analyzing the riots but rather the political reasoning behind how appropriate Militant intervention would be. This article is also brief but it is important as it covers a big milestone during the riots and ultimately one of the biggest courses of actions, which was the decision of F. D. R. to send in troops to Detroit.This shows just how bad the riots were at that point and in relation to the last article I think this article unknowingly gi ves the readers an insight into just how embarrassing the aforementioned â€Å"ugly incident† really is. The third article from the Chicago daily tribune was also published two days after the riots. However this article takes up the whole front page with the title Army Rules Detroit it gives the impression that these were the last big moment of the riots, like the city was a damsel in distress and the Army was the superhero that came to rescue it.The article almost points to sum up the riots in the title by making three things obvious under the Army Rules Detroit we see in little letter, 23 die: Homes fired, shops looted in race riots, 700 wounded in wild disorders. Unlike previous articles its obvious this one was probably written by a racist author. The author of this article refers to black people as â€Å"Negro’s† and â€Å"negresses†. His tone makes it seem like African Americans are animals that cannot be tamed and the only option was military inter vention it also attempts to walk the reader through the state of the Detroit during the riot.Throughout the article we see subtitles like Thirteen Schools Closed, Trolley lines Suspend and Ammunition seized all theses titles seem to explain how out of control the city was, it gives us the bad side of the situation gives one the impression that things don’t seem to look up until the army arrives. Its not coincidence that this is such an in-depth analysis seeing how Chicago is right next door to Detroit. However although its obvious that the riots are the result of racial tension whenever the author quotes a white person he makes them seem like a victim while it may true in some cases he never sheds the same light n African Americans. Newspaper articles from the New York times aren’t as harsh and tend to concentrate more on what caused the riots, what law officials are doing to keep if from happening again as well how they are trying to punish the people who played major roles in the riot. Even democratic Representative John E. Rankin of Mississippi is quoted saying, â€Å" Detroit has suffered one of the most disastrous race riots in history† (pg 1). It says a lot when politician in the south could say such a thing when a lot of racism during that time is rooted in southern states.The New York Times focuses a lot on the aftermath of the riots and provides coverage on how the presence of the Army helped. One article from the Chicago tribune is titled in bold letters Army Rules Detroit and when one tries to tie the agenda of the two newspapers together it seems as if the New York tribune picks up where the Chicago tribune leaves off. The Army arrives and then we get to see what the Army does and the control measures implemented to keep such riots from happening again. These articles in general are trying to put the public at ease, to reassure them that once again Detroit is under control.From the Washington post we see feelings of shame and e mbarrassment resurface again. One-article titled Detroit Tragedy begins with, â€Å"No American can escape a feeling of shame as well as sorrow over the race riots†¦such an outbreak is at its ugliest when it stems from race hostility. † Just like the New York times, the Washington post also suggest that the main cause of the riots was â€Å"the inadequate living facilities of a community which has become desperately overcrowded as a result of the war. (pg 3) When reading through this article words like, ugly, disgrace, dangerous, shame and enemy really stick out, these are the words that best describe the riots and the impact it had on the people. Throughout newspapers across the united states the riots where regarded as ugly and I think the aforementioned quote â€Å"Such an outbreak is at its ugliest when it stems from race hostility†, best sums of the how the country viewed the riots.Though the riots only lasted twenty-four hours, during those hours the whole country was watching domestically and especially internationally with World War II also taking place. The Detroit Riots. † Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963): 12. Jun 23 1943. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (1849-1989). Web. 4 Feb. 2013 . Detroit Tragedy. † The Washington Post (1923-1954) Jun 23 1943: 8. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post (1877-1996). 4 Feb. 2013 Special to THE NEW,YORK TIMES. Kelly Acts to Ease Detroit Riot Curb. † New York Times (1923-Current file) Jun 24 1943: 1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009) with Index (1851-1993). 4 Feb. 2013 . Army Rules Detroit; 23 Die. † Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963) Jun 22 1943: 1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (1849-1989). 4 Feb. 2013 . F. D. R. Order for Troops in Detroit. † Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963) Jun 22 1943: ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (1849-1989). 4 Feb. 2013 . By The, Associated P. Army P atrols End Detroit Rioting; Death Toll at New York Times (1923-Current file) Jun 23 1943: 1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009) with Index (1851-1993). 4 Feb. 2013 THE NEW,YORK TIMES. â€Å"Three Counties Under Curbs. † New York Times (1923-Current file) Jun 22 1943: 7. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2009) with Index (1851-1993). 4 Feb. 2013 . â€Å"Detroit Calmer; Troops on Guard. † The Washington Post (1923-1954) Jun 23 1943: 1. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post (1877-1996). 4 Feb. 2013 .

Organizational Change Plan

In the past few years, many organizations have advanced technologically concerning medical records. By implementing Electronic Medical Records system to the Ambulatory Clinical Setting, managers will be taking a huge leap into the future. Of course, when organizations decide to make an over-haul change of this magnitude, managers need to make sure they have planned strategies for measuring the various outcomes. When the implementation of the Electronic Medical Records system was connected, management needs to focus on the strategies for determining how effective the change to the EMR system is to this facility.The managers must also be able to analyze possible future outcomes of the implementation as well as looked at how they plan to measure the quality and satisfaction outcomes of the implemented change plan. With the implementations of the Electronic Medical Records system managers will have to determine how effective the change to the EMR system was. According to Spector (2010), effectiveness is determined by the degree to which employees behavior are adaptive; moving people in a direction best for employees and the organization.By watching, talking, and gathering surveys from employees, managers will be able to determine if the EMR system was an effective change for the staff and the patients. According to Borkowski (2010), communication is essential to building and maintaining relationships in the workplace. The employees will communicate effectively with the managers informing them on how they think the change process is going. This is a very important step. It will assist the managers in determining if this system is doable or if they need to make some modifications to achieve the goal of effectively implementing EMR.Furthermore, this process will help make sure that the employees and the managers have built an excellent level of shared communication. Because employees are at the forefront of most organizations, it is very important for managers to invo lve his and her employees in change management. If the employees are giving positive feedback and are showing no signs of distress, management should continue to follow the guidelines of Kurt Lewin's change theory of â€Å"refreezing† (Spector, 2010). Methods Used to MonitorImplementation of the Proposed Change In reviewing all of the possible outcome measurement strategies for the implementation of the Electronic Medical Records system, managers looked at the reasons for the change implementation. According to Young (2000), â€Å"technology has continued to move forward at a rapid pace, but many organizational and human issues have slowed the pace of implementation of automated systems for an electronic documentation record. † Contrary to the prior statement, quantitative reports can provide possible outcomes, which can display how this change has affected Clinicians, employees, and families.Electronic patient records can improve patient safety, quality of care, effic iency of staff members, and include all of the disciplines of the health care team (Dove, 2010). By implementing an Electronic Medical Records (EMR) System, the thought was that it would improve the efficiency of this organization as well as making an advance into the technology within the health care industry. Furthermore, reviewing the organizational structure and making sure that the organization was strategically in line financially.Relationship between Organization’s Related Processes, Systems, Personal or Professional Roles and Effect on the Proposed Organizational Change When viewing the implementation of Electronic Medical Records system, finances are viewed closely to determine if the implementation has made an impact on the organization financially. According to Spector (2010), effective diagnosis is the data-driven information via questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Financial and productivity reports are the two most critical reports that reviewed. These reports alone can tell managers and stakeholders if they are financially stable.Of course, managers will need to ensure that all data obtained is accurate in order for the data used in determining future financial outcomes. According to Spector (2010), organizations can use activity-based management to help ensure decisions that as part of the change process. Examining the relationship between the organizations related process, systems, and personal, and professional roles and their effort on the implementation of Electronic Medical Record, one could derive at understanding of how the system works after implementation.When a system is implemented, and training has taken place should result in a work environment in which all team members are aware of his and her frustrations, loss of efficiency and limited effectiveness. Specifically for the organization process, each area had a Champion and Super user to use as a resource for the new EMR system. The available resources assisted in m aking this transition doable. The clinicians and staff were amenable to them as well. Emphasis on throughput and workflow was evaluated to ensure that everyone was aware of his and her roles and responsibilities.Essentially, the goal was to move from paper to EMR within a timeframe with little disruptions in the organization. Communicating Techniques Used to Address Any Implementation Issues Although the employees have been using the Electronic Medical Records system proficiently, managers must ensure ways to keep the employees excited and motivated about the system. According to Herzberg motivational-hygiene theory, he believed that the â€Å"factors on-the-job that can cause staff to be satisfied or dissatisfied where not the same things.†After retrieving data from questionnaires, the employees were motivated because it was a change they believed would increase their level of responsibility. They were not dissatisfied or disgruntled about the level of responsibility. They w ere dissatisfied with the additional training they had to take. The management staff ensured the employees that the additional courses would enhance their self-confidence, increase their skill levels, and enhance their knowledge base of the new system.According to Spector (2010), â€Å"Individual incentives will be most effective in shaping behavior when the individual controls the outcomes being measured and rewarded, when the outcomes are tied to improved performance, when the evaluation of an employee’s contribution is perceived as being valid, and when the difference between rewards for high and low performance is significant. † Additionally, communication techniques are important when implementing a new system within the organization.One could assume that not all staff members are computer knowledgeable and will need additional training and assistance. The installations of the EMR system was initially not as user friendly. Positive communication within the organiz ations was the best tool of communication. Communication allowed everyone the opportunity to articulate his and her concerns, determine if additional training needed, and the focus was on the individual and department needs. In closing, the implementation to Electronic Medical Records systems is a technological advancement.Health care personnel, patients, and family members are able to access information instantly, avoiding the strain of searching through stacks of charts to retrieve patient data (Gurley, 2008). Even though there are barriers that may appear during the process and after the change process, acquire a concrete organizational plan on implementing Electronic Medical Records system will minimize them before they arise. Also based on the data collected, the employees are motivated and want to see the company advance technologically and financially.The proposed plan with the use of internal focus groups and external resources will ensure that the implementation of the Elec tronic Medical Records system is successful. The current system is a hand-written, time-consuming, and inaccurate detailed records system that has delayed advancements in technological development. Effectively implementing Electronic Medical Records system, has allowed the families to have instant access to his and her medical care and treatment plans.

When Should I Take the SAT Math Level 2 Subject Test

When Should I Take the SAT Math Level 2 Subject Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you planning to take the Math II SAT Subject Test for your college applications? As you know, the Math 2 subject test covers more advanced math concepts than the Math I. Because of this, you want to make sure you're taking it at the right time to achieve a high score. This article will help you figure out exactly when is the best time for you take this test. First, let's quickly review what's on the Math 2 SAT Subject Test. What's On the Math Level II Subject Test? Like the Math I Subject Test, the Math II test covers algebra and geometry. Additionally, it tests trigonometry and elementary functions, which describe a relationship between an input and output. A simple function question may ask you to solve for x, while othersmay ask you to definea function's range or domain or to graph it. I'll show some example problems of function questions that appear on the Math II test below. First, here'sthe breakdown of what percentage of the test covers each content area. As you can see, algebra and geometry make up a significantly larger portion of the questions than number / operations and data analysis / probability. Math Concept Approximate Percentage On Test Number and operations 10-14% Algebra and functions 48-52% Geometry and measurement (coordinate, three-dimensional, and trigonometry) 28-32% Data analysis, statistics, and probability 8-12% Some of these concepts appear on the math section of the general SAT, while others, like trigonometry, elementary functions, and graphing, are more advanced and specific to the SAT Math 2Subject Test. The following areexamples of function and graphing questions you might see on the Math II Subject Test. The SAT Math Level 2test contains questions that ask you to definethe range or domain of a function. Function questions may also present you with a graph or, like in the question below, ask you to draw or visualize your own graph and manipulate it to reflect changes in a function. The answers to these questions are D, D, and B, respectively. Studying with lots of official practice questions, along with excelingin your school math courses,isthe best way to prepare yourself for the Math II Subject Test. Like all the SAT Subject Tests, the Math Level 2test is 60 minutes long. In this hour, it asks you to answer 50 questions. Now that we've reviewed what's on the Math Level 2test, when's the best time for you to take it? When Should You Take the SAT Math Level 2 Subject Test? What Year Should You Take the Test? College Board recommends that you should take more than three years of college prep math before you take the Math II Subject Test. These years should include two classes inalgebra and one classin geometry, at least. A class in trigonometry and/or precalculus is very helpful, too. So if you takealgebra in eighth grade, geometry in 9th, algebra again in 10th, and trigonometry/precalculus in 11th, then you would probably be in the best position to take the Math II Subject Test at the end of 11th grade. If you are taking trigonometry/precalculus as a sophomore, then you may be in a good position to take the Subject Test at the end of sophomore year. Usually you want to take Math II, and any other Subject Test, at the end of your school year when the course content is freshest in your mind. That being said, which Subject Test dates coincide with the end of the academic year? What Test Date Should You Choose? The Math Level 2 test is offered at various dates throughout the year. June may be the best time to take it, with May as a close runner up. Math II is offered on May 5 and June 2. Its tentative spring dates for 2020 are May 2 and June 6. Sign up by about a monthin advance, if not sooner, just like the SAT. If you're taking the general SAT in the same year as the Subject Test, which one should you schedule first? What About All Your Other Tests, like the SAT/ACT and APs? A smart way to schedule your Subject Test is to sign up for it after you take the general SAT. You'll likely study a lot for the math section of the general SAT, and this studying could overlap with your Subject Test prep. If you're taking both testsin the same year, you could take the general SAT in March (or May), and the Subject Test in May or June. Remember, you can't take the Subject Test on the same day as the general SAT, but you can take up to three Subject Tests on one date. While SAT prep can be helpful for the Math II test, aligning these tests should be a secondary concern. The most important consideration is subject mastery. So if you've taken trigonometry and precalculus as a sophomore, then you'll probably be best served taking the Subject Test at the end of your sophomore year (which may be a year earlier than you're taking the general SAT). This could also be a good way to spread out your tests and have less on your plate in the spring of junior year. While the Subject Test may or may not coincide with your studying for the SAT, it may overlap with a class final or even AP test. This could further help you know the math concepts inside and out, so you can achieve a strong Subject Test score for your college applications. To Sum Up... A high score on the Math II Subject Test is impressive to any college, and especially to selective technical and engineering schools like MIT and CalTech! By planning your study schedule and choosing the best test date, you'll be in the best position to score high on this competitive and impressive Subject Test. What's Next? You might be familiar with what's a good score for the general SAT, but what's a good test score for the SAT Subject Tests? Good scores actually differ by each Subject Test. Learn all about the averages and good scores for each test here. Are you a math whiz aiming for a perfect score on the SAT math? Read all about how to get an 800 in math by a perfect scorer on the SAT. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Aims and objectives of Exxon Mobil Corporation

Aims and objectives of Exxon Mobil Corporation This case study is about Exxon Mobil Corporation faced with crisis. Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaskaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Prince William Sound. Lot wildlife such as brown bear, harbor seals, sea birds, bald eagles, sea otters and cormorants suffered a great loss in their population. Those species are affected by spilled oil disaster. The Exxon Mobil Corporation oil spilled case greatly affected the Alaskaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fisheries life, environment of national parks, beaches and forests. All Alaskaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tourism spices are greatly affected by oil spilled due to Exxon Mobil Corporation worst management or slow response. A lot crude oil trading cooperation in the world, like one of the trading Companies Exxon mobile Corporation or Exxon Mobil is an American multinational oil and gas corporation, headquarter of Exxon Mobil are founded on 1870 and located in Irving, Texas. Exxon Mobil Corporation is one of the largest publicly traded companies in the world and ranked on top 5 corporations. ExxonMobil is the largest of the oil or energy industrial with daily high productivity more than 3.5 million barrels of oil equivalent. Exxon Mobil Corporation produces 3 main products such as fuels, lubricants and petrochemicals. On March 24, 1989, Exxon Mobil Corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Vessel the oil tanker Exxon Valdez, this oil tanker was control by shipmaster Jeffrey Hazelwood. The oil tanker was sailing the shipping lane from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The oil vessel Exxon Valdez was sailing inbound shipping lane due to outbound lane obstructed with small icebergs. Before the tanker arrive the destination, the Exxon Valdez spilled approximately 11 million gallons of its 55 million gallon crude oil. The oil would eventually spill more than 1,100 square miles of ocean in Alaska. This oil spilled disaster was making the Exxon Valdez the la rgest oil spilled case in worldwide. The crisis to the Exxon Valdez involved a lot personnel and equipment over a longer period of time than did any other spill in America State history. This oil disaster involving the problems in providing fuel, berthing, meals, waste management, response equipment and other resources were one of the largest challenges to response management team. The Oil spilled case was involving lot personnel, vessels and aircraft to support the cleanup operation. The Exxon Mobil Corporation spends the cleanup cost approximately more than 2.1billion dollar in cleanup operation. Until now, some of the shoreline still did not fully cleanup or recover. These oil disasters due to the Exxon Mobil Corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management did not show fast response on tanker oil spilled case. Examine the aim and objectives of Exxon Mobil Corporation. 3.1 The aim by Exxon Mobil Corporation The Exxon Mobil Corporation was still continuously achieving superior financial and operating results while simultaneously adhering to high ethical standards. The reason is the Exxon Mobil Corporation was committed want to being the world’s famous petroleum and premier petrochemical company.  The following committed such as shareholders, customers, employee and communities. 3.1.1 Shareholders The Exxon Mobil Corporation is committed to enhancing the long term value of the investment and expands the global market.   The Exxon Mobil Corporation are believe that, there shareholders will be rewarded with greatly return due to the business profitably and responsibly. The Exxon Mobil Corporation are implementing the aim and achieve their commitment to shareholder.

Juvenile Criminal Responsibility, Liability to the Death Penalty and Essay

Juvenile Criminal Responsibility, Liability to the Death Penalty and the age of majority in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Moreover the research also looks into debates for and against capital punishments along withy voices from human rights organizations. Capital punishment to juveniles is deplorable because according to social activists and psychologists, juveniles are not in a frame of mind to understand properly the seriousness of crime during the time of its occurrence therefore; giving capital punishment is not justified. Juvenile delinquency is a broad based term that is given to juveniles who commit crimes. In many legal systems, the term juveniles are defined by different legal systems around the world in relation to age. However the age to attain majority is different in different countries. For major crimes the court may decide whether the person should be treated as an adult or a child (Christensen .2010). Saudi Arabia has the distinction of having a tough law irrespective of child or adult. It has also a dubious record of executing juveniles. In the international arena, juvenile death penalt y is prohibited. Moreover the convention of the rights of the child, in which Saudi Arabia is a member, prohibits capital punishment to individuals under the age of eighteen. In Saudi Arabia, there is no codified penal law establishing the acts that constitutes criminal offences. It also does not have published official information’s and interpretations of shariya law. Judges enjoy the discretion to decide and interpret shariya percepts in criminal cases. Moreover the court has also discretionary power to impose death penalty as a discretionary punishment for other acts as well if it feels to be criminal. In November 2008, the shura council which is an appointed authority in the parliament passed a measure to increase the general age of attaining majority from fifteen to eighteen. This measure was undertaken due to opposition from various quarters including international human rights groups. (Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan: End Juvenile Death Penalty. 2010). Death penalty to j uveniles was in the hot seat of debate for some time now. Although juveniles are executed in few countries including US major opposition comes from US itself (Reaves.2001). Human rights group argue that death penalty to juveniles is a barbaric affair. They argue that juveniles are too young to understand the seriousness of a crime (Trying children as adults. 2010). Moreover some juvenile offenders are themselves victims of crimes including physical and sexual child abuse. However persons who support capital punishment is of the view that person who is old enough to kill is old enough to die for it (Saudi Arabia executed at least two juvenile offenders in 2009.2010). Saudi Arabia is a party to the convention on the rights of a child which prohibits capital punishment to children. However the officials still claim that they strictly follow the guidelines of the convention. Most of the trial proceedings in Saudi Arabia take place inside closed doors without adequate legal representatio n. Both children and adults are often convicted on the basis of confessions that are obtained under duress, which includes torture as well as other ill treatments during detention (Amnesty International Press Release. 2009). Despite serious international intervention and pressure exerted on Saudi Arabia, it has not seriously thought of banning juvenile executions conclusively (Saudi Arabia:

Case study 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case study 2 - Essay Example This paper will describe the approach to care that is necessary to be given to Mr. P and the treatment plan. The paper will also describe the methods for providing both the patient and family members with education. In order to give the proper care needed for any sickness, the care provider should first seek the doctors’ guidance. Since Mr. P is suffering from heart failure, it would be necessary that a follow up is made to ensure that he uses the prescribed drug as required without missing a single prescription. The care will also involve ensuring that Mr. P visits the hospital at the right time. It is also essential that care should involve provision of moral support. In this case, he should be provided with all assistance needed, especially with activities that he cannot do due to his condition (Maron, 2008). The treatment plan of cardiomyopathy and heart failure is to cope with the disease symptoms and signs. It also involves ensuring that the condition is not left to worsen and risks and complications are minimized. The recommended treatments for Mr. P regarding his health status include the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. This enzyme assists in boosting heart pumping aptitude. The enzymes include lisinopril, enalapril, captopril, and ramipril. In case he is not able to take ACE, he should be given angiostensin recerpter blockers such as valsartan and losartan. This should be taken in accordance with doctor’s prescriptions. Cardiomyopathy can also be treated using Digoxin (lanoxin) drug. This drug helps in increasing the strength of the patient’s heart muscle contraction. The drug is also said to slow down rate of heartbeat. It minimizes symptoms of heart failure thereby improving the patient’s ability to live with the disease (Maron, 2008). Since Mr. P has some traces of blood fluid in his lungs, it would be necessary that he be given Diuretics water pills that make the patient urinate

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (F.I.S.A.) court Term Paper

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (F.I.S.A.) court - Term Paper Example The particulars of such actions were in effect up until the early 1970s and it was the ‘Keith’ case that predominantly broke the shackles to such unfair means. In 1972 the Keith case was one of the major turnarounds that led to the development of FISA courts in the country. Technically speaking this particular legal case was between the United States’ government and a United States district court. The district court emphasized that an acting attorney general gave specific directive permission to carry out electronic wireless intelligence without a warrant on a US citizen accused of bombing a Central Intelligence Agency building. The Supreme Court firmly rejected the US government’s petition of claiming foreign intelligence on the per se warrant requirement but the court emphasized that according to the legislative structure and constituting to the fourth amendment it is uniquely prohibited to use of warrantless surveillance particularly directed at domestic threats to U.S. national security. The court however did not reach a general consensus on whether it is appropriate to target warrantless surveillance on foreign individuals and agents pertaining to other agencies but opened up a new line of thought for the executive council suggesting that it may be up to the latter body if and how they would significantly indulge in matters related to the mentioned entities and personnel. The Supreme Court however demanded that the congress issue a revised plan for a fool proof constitutional amendment that would ensure as a constitutional element for future electronic wireless surveillance of threats regarding the national security of the United States. Another event... The paper tells that there are several fundamental aspects of the FISA warrants and it solely addresses to two particular fractions of people that may pose a potential threat to the national security of the United States. Firstly warrants are foremost issued to personnel that are categorized as a foreign power. Places or entities that succumb to such definitions may potentially include a foreign government, a diplomat; other representative or employee of a foreign government, a fraction of a foreign nation that is not substantially composed of US persons, an entity openly acknowledged by a foreign government to be directed and controlled by it, or a group engaged in international terrorism or activities in preparation therefore. The second defining figure that a FISA warrant can be issued to, are agents of foreign powers. These may fundamentally include any individual who is not a US person and works for a foreign power inside the united states or an individual who again may not be a US person but engaged in espionage intelligence gathering activities running from within any associated foreign power. However the FISA constitution does also recognize US citizen as also potential National security threats and a FISA warrant can be issued if for some reason they may be suspected with substantial defying evidence of engaging into espionage pertaining to compromising the national security of the United States or involved in clandestine intelligence gathering activities for a foreign power which activities constitute a violation of U.S. criminal statutes.

How Ge Teaches Teams To Lead Change Management Essay

How Ge Teaches Teams To Lead Change Management Essay The purpose of the program was to support CEO Jeffery R. Immelts priority of growing GE by focusing more on expanding businesses and creating new ones than on making acquisitions. This program was effective for the company for many reasons and brought many advantages to it. For example, the business has accelerated its push into emerging markets, launched initiatives to revamp product development, and stepped up efforts to create new businesses. The reasons for why this program was so effective were because: the managers were given an opportunity to reach consensus on the barriers to change; both the hard and the soft ones. Furthermore, the challenge of balancing the short term and the long term was also addressed. The course also created a common vocabulary of change that became part of daily communications inside and across GEs businesses. This program was structured so that a team would emerge with the first draft of an action plan for instituting change in its business and would feel obligated to deliver on it. In September 2001, Jeff Immelt had launched an all-out effort to make GE as renowned for innovation and organic growth as it was for operational excellence. The main force behind GEs successes was its headquarters. Immelt understood that to speed progress, he needed to pass the baton to teams leading GEs businesses-which is where LIG came in. They reorganized functions such as sales and engineering and gave local teams more authority so that the leadership could extract itself from the problems of the present and spend more time on opportunities that would create the future. The purpose of LIG was to make innovation and growth as much of a religion at GE as Six Sigma had been under Jack Welch. Before a team went to Crotonville, it had done three things: It had updated its three-year strategy, the growth playbook. All its members had undergone a 360 review, and the teams scores on the growth values had been tabulated and analyzed in granular detail. Finally, its success in creating an innovative climate had been assessed. At the end of the course each team had about 20 minutes to deliver a presentation to Immelt. The presentation had to include a simplified vision of growth for the business and the organizational, cultural, and capability changes that the team members had decided should be made in order to optimize growth. LIGs team-based approach addresses shortcomings inherent in the individual-focused approach used by traditional management education programs. The LIG was a radical departure for GE, because it removed intact leadership teams from the exigencies of their business and allowed them to discuss the white space in a candid, introspective fashion for four whole days. In order to achieve the business goals in the organization, leaders should know in advance which things to do and how to do them. For example, taking a place in new markets or an expansion into different markets. After that they should decide which leadership style they want to use in order to fit in the new markets, all this by designing effective plans to manage themselves, subordinates and organization. Introduction/Paper discussion Titles and positions have always been important in our life and especially within organizational environment. People tend to get blinded by the titles that they have, and this influences the peoples behavior. The topic that we have chosen to analyze is about the type of power that leaders possess and how this could influence the effectiveness of being a leader. We have also chosen to talk about how powerful leaders with and without formal titles are. This is also because titles have always been present in our lives and they influence the image that we have of a person. We wanted to relate this to leaders. Theories have always discussed the importance of leadership and formal power, while based on our own experience, there are less researches done about informal power and its influence on leadership. Most people take formal positions and titles for granted. They always associate the amount of power a certain person has with the titles that they possess. We decided to take a deeper look at the influence of leaders with informal power on their workers and how this is different from the influence of leaders with formal positions. The main question of this analysis is: How would leaders with informal power influence their workers? The purpose of this study is to find out how leaders with informal positions motivate their workers to follow them and what the differences are between leaders with formal and informal power. Theoretical Perspectives We will start this analysis by looking at different article to get an insight on earlier discussions and researches about the topic. We will also research other articles that will support the case and help us answer the main question. In order to support our case, first we wanted to know the difference between formal and informal leaders. This is important because informal leaders dont have any formal authorized positions. This part will give us an insight on how informal leaders would influence others. The traits and skills of the informal leaders will also be mentioned here. After that, the difference between formal and informal power will be discussed. The reason of why we have chosen to discuss this is because it will give us an understanding of power and the link between power and leadership. Titles and leaders will also be discusses so that we would get clear insight about the link between titles and leaders. Furthermore, the influence of titles will also be mentioned in order to see how titles influence leaders and then eventually their ability to influence followers. After doing this analysis based on the earlier discussions and different arguments from varied studies and articles, we will use the book of Leadership in Organizations, written by Gray Yukl. The topic will be analyzed based on the concepts in this book. Theoretical Discussion Formal and Informal Leaders We will start our analysis by talking about formal and informal leaders and the differences between them. The article that is used here is a study done by the Ohio State University. Informal leaders are related to people who dont have any formal titles in the organization. They are seen as worthy of paying attention to, or following. People think that informal leaders have a certain trait that make the others in the organization pay attention to them and also follow them. While formal leaders hold a certain position and a formal authority in the organization, informal leaders dont. People choose to follow informal leaders because they want to, but with formal leaders they are obligated to follow them otherwise they would have to face the consequences of not complying. Informal leaders are able to make others follow them through their ability to gain followers respect, trust and confidence. The personal traits and skills that informal leaders have, can replace the formal power or position that they dont have. Informal leaders appear to treat everyone with dignity and respect. They exhibit honesty and dignity and emphasise service above self and they are more likely to build trust. Formal and Informal Power In order to get an understanding of power and the link between power and leadership we chose to analyze the formal and informal power. The article from University of Valencia, Spain is used to support our analysis. Formal power is based on the availability or capability to control the exchange of socially valued restricted goods whose distribution is related to the position in the organisation of hierarchy. Formal power is exercised in a top-down manner. The superiors exert formal power on the subordinates while the opposite is not the case. Therefore, it can be expected that a power agent holding a higher hierarchical position than that of the target will hold more formal power over the target than peers or subordinates. Informal power is based on positive interpersonal relations, involving the exchange of social support, referent relationships, or knowledge, or socially valued unrestricted goods. Informal power, not being necessarily associated with formal structure, can flow in all directions. However, positions in the hierarchies affect the development of personal relationships. Dyadic cohesion develops through an emotional/affective process characteristic of equal-power relations that can be obstructed by the unequal relationships that characterize formal power relationships. Taking this into account, it can be expected that members in a similar hierarchical position to the target will hold higher informal power over the target person than superiors and subordinates. Based on what is mentioned above, we can say that formal and informal power is really important in organisational life. They have influence on how leaders exercise their power. For example, leaders with formal positions exercise their power in a top-down manner, while those with informal power can influence others who are on the same level without any formal position. There is no formal structure but the relation between the individuals in the organization could go to any direction. Looking at this topic from a different perspective, power can be grouped in two categories, the social condition and the personal ability. These categories aim to distinguish positional power and personal power. Position power steams from a persons formal position and implies the legitimate authority to use positive and negative sanctions such as reward and coercion; while on the other hand personal power refers to expertise, referent power and charisma of a person. Summarising this, position power mostly refers to the existing organisational hierarchy that renders management the ability to control the behaviour of others and to change the organisational structure and processes. On the other hand, personal power refers to power sources connected to particular abilities, skills and experience of an actor. As we can see, position power could be related to the formal power that people have. It is the authorised and legitimate power that they possess. They have the title and formal posit ion to exercise their formal power to make others in the organisation follow them. Personal power can be related to the informal power, this is where people dont have authorised power, position or title to make people follow them, but they do it through their personal trait and skills. We can use volunteer work as an example of the distinction between leaders with formal and informal power. When we think about non-profit organizations we think about organizations where people dont have any formal power or positions. The idea of such organizations is to let people work without using any formal authority and to achieve the organizational goals. These people don ´t have a formal title and their followers are not obligated to follow them. This makes it challenging to these organizations to survive and serve their main goals. Nowadays, almost all kind of organizations rapidly adapt the formal business culture to face the challenges and survive in the marketplace. The workers in these organizations get formal positions to make sure that the work gets done properly. A good example of a leader who combined the formal and informal power in his leadership is Nelson Mandela. He conveyed his beliefs about racism and discrimination to the world and he was the formal leader of anti-discrimination organizations. While when Nelson Mandela was in prison, he didnt have any formal power but he still influenced a lot of people in the world. Position and Personal Power Power is usually used to describe the absolute capacity of the individual agent to influence the behaviour or attitudes of one or more designated target persons at a given point in time. Power is divided into two major groups; position power and personal power (Bass, 1960; Etzioni, 1961). Position power includes potential influence derived from legitimate authority, control over resources and rewards, control over punishments, control over information, and control over the physical work environment. Personal power includes potential influence derived from task expertise, and potential influence based on friendship and loyalty. Based on this study, the position power is more related to formal leaders because the people in organizations who have legitimate power give direct orders and requests in organizations. They have the authority to reward the followers, punish them if they dont comply with the orders, they have the control over information which is available and they also have control over the situation. While on the other side, leaders with informal positions have more of the personal power. Informal leaders exercise referent power through role modelling, because a person who is well liked and admired can have considerable influence over others by setting example of proper and desired behaviour for them to imitate. When identification is strong, imitation is likely to accrue even without any conscious intention by the agent. Informal leaders are charismatic and they are very much admired by the others, this is why others follow them even without having any legitimate power. Informal leaders are also known for being friendly, attractive, charming and trustworthy, they also show concern for the needs and feelings of the others, demonstrating trust and respect, and treating people fairly. Referent power depends greatly on these characteristics and personal traits and therefore any person in the organization who possesses these kind of skills can influence the other workers without doing any effort. Position power is important, not only as a source of influence but also because it can be used to enhance a leaders personal power. Besides that, most of power studies have found that effective leaders rely more on expert and referent power to influence subordinates, this is because they are positively correlated with subordinate satisfaction and performance. On the other hand, the same study has also found that legitimate power is an important reason for behavioural compliance. (Hinkin Schriesheim, 1989; Rahim, 1989; Schriesheim, Hinkin Podsakoff, 1991). So in the end, both position and personal power are essential for a leader to be effective in the workplace. Titles and Leaders The article Titles dont make leaders from the Harvard Business school is used here to support out hypothesis. Stever Robbins argues that leadership often ignores the fact that leadership is powerful at any and all levels-and that you do not need to be heading up an organization to be an effective leader. He believes that it doesnt matter what title or position you have, in order to do your job effectively. Some of the most effective business people could influence others without having any superior role or title. He also argues that a leaders job is to insure the success of the organization no matter who reports to whom in any given group. This means that anyone in the group can be the leader as long as he/she is willing to achieve the goals of the organization. Furthermore, the true measure of leadership is influence, nothing more nothing less. The capacity to influence others to participate is what defines a leader. As we have said before, people can get confused about titles and their connection to leadership. In most cases they think that just because a person has a certain title then that makes them leaders. But the reality says that leadership is about influence, influencing people to perform and do what they are supposed to do. This article also argues that the most a title can do is buy some time to increase or decrease the ability to influence the person who holds it. So titles can give individuals only temporary power to influence people and make them follow. So even if titles can be important in some situations like in the military where they have the power to control their subordinates, this does not make them leaders. It just gives them the power to use their power to give orders and make others follow them. A person will be perceived as a leader, regardless to his/her titles. Being seen as a leader doesnt have to do with the titles that you possess but its more about how you contribute to the success of the goals. This gives us the underlying base of our analysis. As we see here, Stever doesnt see any link between titles and the power to influence people but he believes that the actions of a person has more effect on influencing others and making them follow you or your orders. Charismatic Leaders Professor Martin Kilduff from University of Cambridge argues that charisma is considered to be an inherent quality that involves not just strong convictions and the ability to engage followers emotions, but also vision the articulation of lofty goals and the determined pursuit of those goals through the encouragement of others efforts. Also a numerous studies have concluded that charismatic leadership has positive effects on followers motivation, their satisfaction with leaders, as well as boosting leader effectiveness. With this being said, we see that charisma helps leaders to achieve the goals of the organization and makes people follow them. Leaders with charisma are seen to be more successful than others. Charismatic leaders are able to make others follow them easily without making much of an effort. But charisma is different from other personality attributes in that it is attributed to leaders by others their team mates, subordinates, and other people with whom they come into contact in the workplace and beyond. So informal or formal leaders need to interact with their followers and show their personality in order for them to be seen as charismatic. A research which was done by Martin Kilduff co-authored with Prasad Balkundi and David Harrison, forthcoming in Journal of Applied Psychology concluded that leaders who were active in their teams in terms of being at the centre of giving advice to subordinates and also soliciting opinions from subordinates tended to emerge as charismatic leaders in the eyes of those subordinates. Thus, in order for leaders to be seen as charismatic, whether they are formal or informal, they need to be active with followers, listen to their opinions and also provide them with guidelines or advices about work-related matters. Informal leaders are more likely to be seen more charismatic than formal leaders because they are more available and easier to be reached. They have better relations with their followers and they also solicit their opinions about important problems and issues. So formal leaders need to establish themselves as informal leaders in order to make their subordinates turn to them when they are faced with problems and issues. Leadership and Followers Several interrelated factors determine whether workers will follow their leader and how they asses leaders effectiveness. A leader will be seen as competent based on this improving performance, so if his/her performance is declining then followers will not comply. Followers will not only judge a leaders competence or performance but they will also judge leaders intentions. A leader who appears to be more concerned about followers and the missions than about the personal benefit or career advancement will gain more follower approval. Also a leaders who make visible self-sacrifices in the service of the organization will be viewed as more sincere and committed. Followers also consider the extent to which the leader appears to be similar to them in terms of values, beliefs, and other qualities they consider important. Followers who identify strongly with the group of the organizations are likely to have more trust in the leader who appears to be one of them and will make more favourable attributions about the leader. Because informal leaders dont have any authorized positions they are more likely to be seen as a member of the group. Therefore they are considered to share the same values and beliefs. They are trusted and seen as if they care more about the others and the organization goals than themselves. This is one of the reasons why the other workers consciously or unconsciously decide to follow the informal leaders. Informal leaders mostly have two roles, one is following the formal leaders and complying with their legitimate orders and the other one is informally leading their groups of colleagues. In order for these informal leaders to be effective they need to balance between these both roles, otherwise they would lose their identity and the trust or respect of the others. The challenge of informal leaders is harder because they are supposed to guide and support their followers plus satisfying their formal leaders. In order to further support this part of the study, a closer look will be taken on which factors influence the decision of followers to follow a leader. This will be supported by a study done by Thach, Thompson, and Morris 2006. One of the factors that influence followers to follow is motivation. In order for a leader to motivate his/her followers, he/she needs to show trust and respect and make them realize that their participation and achievements are important and essential for achieving the organizational goals and make it successful. This results to confident followers who believe that they can do the requested task. Mutual trust is the basis of an effective follower-leader relationship. This means that in order for followers to follow their leader, followers need to believe that the leader has their best interest. What also motivates followers is how similar their values and beliefs are with the leaders. Follower values determine their preferences for different types of leaders, they always look for leaders whose values match their own. When followers are comfortable with their leaders then they would follow them easily. Conclusion After having used several studies, articles and concepts, we got a clear insight about how leaders function, and influence followers. This study helped us answering the main questions this analysis which is: How would leaders with informal power influence their workers? Leaders with informal power influence followers by having personal characteristics, traits and skills. Being charismatic, showing trusts and respect to their co-workers, and believing in their ability to achieve the organizational goals and participating in its success are examples of these characteristics. Followers prefer leaders with whom they share values and beliefs. They are more comfortable in dealing with those leaders and other ones. Informal leaders usually fall in this category rather than formal leaders, this is because informal leaders are in the same hierarchical level and they are also considers as members of the same group. Informal leaders possess more of the personal power than positional power and from the used studies we came to know that personal power has more positive effect of followers than positional power has. Influencing followers is done by using the referent power and specially being role models to their followers. Titles and leaders are not directly connected. Leaders dont have to have any formal titles or power to be able to influence their followers and make them achieve the organizations goals. They can be leaders through their achievements, behaviour and the way they do their work. In this case, they can still be a role model for the followers and motivate them to do the work without having to use their titles. In the end we see that informal leaders influence followers not through titles or positions but through their charismatic personality, traits and skills. They are the people who followers look up to and want to follow.